Or a settlement could confine sanctions only to prohibitions against exclusive dealing by Microsoft.

Section 47 prohibited exclusive dealing.

Article 102 prohibits the abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing.

Most forms of exclusive dealing are only prohibited if they have the purpose or likely effect of substantially lessening competition in a market.

The main categories of prohibited behavior include exclusive dealing, price discrimination, refusing to supply an essential facility, product tying and predatory pricing.

At the same time, courts condemned as "unlawful exclusion" tying contracts, exclusive dealing, and other agreements that disadvantaged rivals.

When exclusive dealings or tying arrangements are challenged under Clayton-3 (or Sherman-1), they are treated as rule of reason cases.

It is a recognizable fact that exclusive dealings and tying arrangements are quite common, and potentially beneficial to consumers, and the economy.

For example, exclusive dealing has been condemned in anticompetitive practice reports on several occasions.

Historically they have been held to include exclusive dealing, price discrimination, refusing to supply an essential facility, product tying and predatory pricing.