In contrast, the only complete imperial Russian census in 1897 did not use nationality at all as a category but instead used religion and language as ethnic markers.

Scholars suggest Etruscan, Umbrian or even Celtic descent by examining the linguistic or ethnic markers of the region.

"The myth of common descent", proposed by many social scientists as a prominent ethnic marker, is in his view often not a myth at all.

While the notion of 'post-black' attempts to avoid identity labels, the title of 'post-black' serves as an ethnic marker.

The switch made skin color more important as an ethnic marker, with light-skinned blacks enjoying greater opportunities for mobility than those with darker skin.

Veddas consider the Vedda language to be distinct from Sinhalese and use it as an ethnic marker to differentiate them from Sinhalese people.

By the 12th century, Medieval Europeans had more specific conceptions of Islam and "Saracen" had become an ethnic and religious marker.

This indicates that non-Tatars also regard language as an important ethnic marker of the Tatar community.

For them religion is an important, but not a main ethnic marker because it is identical to that of the Turks.

In the city this dialect is called Kon-Jula and survives as an ethnic marker of a particular community.