The higher costs, in turn, further discourage participation.

The committees represent narrow interests, he said, and discourage grass-roots political participation.

Witnesses discourage participation in university education for its own sake.

They discourage participation, particularly by the poor and infirm.

School officials may neither discourage nor encourage participation in such an event.

The founders discouraged participation by corporate lawyers, the insurance industry and tobacco interests, he said.

The turnout came despite several government measures that may have discouraged participation.

They discouraged participation by the lower classes and illiterate voters.

The lack of opportunities to go further with football inside the country also discourages continued participation in the sport.

African women are only now beginning to emerge as a new force in track and field, after years of cultural attitudes that discouraged athletic participation.