However the best spacer often has to be determined empirically.

A value for is, in practice, determined empirically for each parallel computer.

The best gap costs to use with a given substitution matrix are determined empirically.

The items are arranged in order of difficulty as empirically determined.

Consequently, for any alignment situation gap placement must be empirically determined.

The value of has to be determined empirically, and in the literature values in the range 0.04-0.15 have been reported as feasible.

In practice, a value of is determined empirically.

The optimal values of a and a0 were determined empirically to be 0.5 and 15, respectively.

These lines have been determined empirically or theoretically.

Unfortunately, Schwarzschild's empirically determined 0.86 coefficient turned out to be of limited usefulness.