DNA tests being yet to be invented, it was impossible to accurately determine paternity, unlike maternity.

"I carried out what are known as DNA probes to determine paternity," he says.

A test to determine paternity requires samples from both parties.

Genetic identification (DNA fingerprinting) can be used to determine paternity, help solve crimes, and identify a body.

It is invaluable when one wishes to locate buried treasure or to learn the deeds of dead heroes, or, on a more practical basis, to determine paternity.

However, since Hillblom's body was not recovered in the crash, there was no DNA that could be used to determine paternity.

Hillblom's mother, brother, and half-brother initially refused to submit their DNA (which could have also been used to determine paternity of the various children).

Unfortunately, Chaplin was subjected to a tumultuous trial, because the use of blood type to determine paternity was not yet acceptable in a California court of law.

- Forensics: tests used to identify victims, prosecute criminals and determine paternity or lineage.

Those steps include authorizing automatic garnishing of an absent parent's wages and using genetic tests to determine paternity if either party requests it.