If the test does not detect antigens (negative result), it may need to be repeated to rule out giardiasis.

Stool samples may be done to detect antigens (proteins that come from Giardia lamblia) or to detect the actual parasites.

Current methods of detecting specific antigens associated with A. cantonensis are also unreliable.

Such tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA.

Liver biopsy can verify inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes and detect viral antigens.

Some of these antibodies can recognize only wheat prolamins or very closely related grass seeds; others can detect antigens over broad taxa.

Microarrays were constructed by printing microscopic spots of either antibodies (to detect antigens) or antigens (to detect antibodies) onto a modified glass surface.

Positive results were followed up with more precise tests for detecting chlamydial antigens.

As a result, tests aimed to detect antigens from adult worms can be used.

These tests can be used to detect both antibodies and antigens.