As the number of childless couples grows in Russia, parents are being offered an incentive to defy the Soviet stigma surrounding larger families.

Defying the powerful social stigma attached to interracial relationships, Oliver Golden entered a common-law marriage with Bertha Bialek, a young garment worker who had emigrated from Poland and had become a Communist while working in the sweatshops of New York's garment center in the 1920's.

Some traditionalists have embraced the labels "reactionary" and "counterrevolutionary", defying the stigma that has attached to these terms since the Enlightenment.