International collaboration in R&D is seen as a way of preventing costly duplication of work and diseconomies of scale.

In embracing price and quality controls in the 1970's, the states had hoped to encourage efficiency and eliminate costly duplications among competing hospitals.

"That way," Mr. Eldridge added, "we can be more efficient, avoid costly duplication and together sell to the rest of the world."

This allows interchangeability of test procedures developed by different organizations, and thus reduces costly duplication of test programming effort.

Each service likes to operate on its own, which leads to costly duplication.

It was a clumsy and costly duplication, but.

To avoid costly duplication, however, they may want to stay away from keeping a combination of index funds and actively managed funds with high R-squared numbers.

Some are among companies to avoid costly duplication.

Other joint ventures are in R&D: once again the gain is the sharing of fixed costs and the avoidance of costly duplication of activities.

We need cogent, slimmed-down regulation, not costly duplication.