What constitutes plagiarism?
It does not refer to the unauthorized republication by someone else, which constitutes plagiarism, copyright violation, or both.
And, the definition of what constitutes cheating or plagiarism has become blurred.
At Boston University, all students in the College of Communication receive written guidelines outlining what constitutes plagiarism and the penalties against it.
But that is irrelevant, it is the simple removal from the original and relocation, unacknowledged, within a new piece of work that constitutes plagiarism.
The connection was acknowledged by Doctorow, but it is a matter of opinion among critics whether this constitutes literary adaptation or plagiarism.
I should add, I have seen it argued that his 'liftings' constitute 'cultural collage' rather than direct plagiarism.
Even when copyright has expired, false claims of authorship may still constitute plagiarism.
Moreover, Fischer continues to claim that his use of Justice Hobbs' article did not constitute plagiarism, because the article was part of the "public domain".
Each author stated that any unattributed parallels were inadvertent, and did not constitute plagiarism.