Discrepancy is also reported to be negatively correlated with communication competence (Honeycutt et al., 1992).

Ting-Toomey emphasized that "the effective identity negotiation process between two interactants in a novel communication episode" is an important basis for intercultural communication competence.

Dr. Gwen Hullman used Message Design Logic to help in the study of perceptions of communication competence.

Cued speech: The process of using and teaching manual hand or facial movements used to supplement an auditory-verbal approach to the development of communication competence.

William Howell suggests four levels of communication competence.

This perspective relies heavily on the communication competence of the entrepreneur.

Whether an interlocuter is able to maintain face or not, reveals his or her interpersonal communication competence.

Being able to manage the resulting tensions, is part of intercultural communication competence.

So, face negotiation theory can be an effective and necessary tool in developing intercultural communication competence.

Personality traits that have been positively linked to this compulsion include assertiveness, willingness to communicate, self-perceived communication competence, and neuroticism.