It does this by inhibiting collagen formation, decreasing amino acid uptake by muscle, and inhibiting protein synthesis.

Tretinoin contains compounds that have been shown to increase cell turnover and collagen formation.

This creates a localized inflammatory response in the ligament, causing an increase in growth factors which assists collagen formation in the injected structures, thus repairing and stengthening them.

Zinc chelation may cause zinc deficiency in the body, which can thus lead to a reduced growth rate, reduced collagen formation and defective bone mineralization.

A number of observations have indicated that hyperglycemia impairs collagen formation and causes a decrease in the tensile strength of surgical wounds [1,2].

Freshwater salmonids also show impaired collagen formation, internal/fin hemorrhage, spinal curvature and increased mortality.

It also suppressed the increasing tendency of IL-1beta and stimulated the production of TNF-alpha to inhibit Ito cell proliferation and collagen formation (Chen et al., 2005).

A few theories exist, but it is believed that repeated episodes of trauma, infection, or bleeding may cause collagen formation leading to the formation of a fibrous lining.

The inflammatory process causes synovial cells to multiply, increasing collagen formation and fluid production within the bursa and reduction in the outside layer of lubrication (Ishii et al., 1997).

Some examples of medical uses are laser surgery, skin resurfacing ("laser facelifts") (which essentially consist of burning the skin to promote collagen formation), and dermabrasion.