Based on innovations in their tonal systems, Lama (2012: 177-179) classifies the languages as follows:

Adabia Morales was able to classify the languages of 105 indigenous peoples into nine language families.

Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art.

Classifying the languages and dialects according to today's language system, over 150 years later, would be a separate study.

Prior studies classified the European languages as Japhetic.

This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages.

Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows.

He was the author of an early influential study classifying the Algonquian languages, although extensive further research has entirely superseded Michelson's pioneering effort.

Malcolm Ross classifies the languages as an independent family.

Most American Indian linguists classify the native languages of the Americas into 150 to 180 independent language families.