Since only the negative charge is moving in the wire, it will be very much affected by a magnetic field.

In a very short time, all excess charge has moved to the surface.

That field is called electric if the charge doesn't move.

Polarization results when the charges in molecules move a little under the influence of an applied electric field.

So, applying an electric field to pure water doesn't make charges move.

This observer will see a different electric field because the charge is moving at velocity v in their rest frame.

Thus, the charge moved out of the capacitor to the output is:

The charge moves very slowly, but the signal is very fast.

There was a minute click, and looking down the chamber I could see that the charge had moved into place.

It is the electrostatic field of the charged object C which causes the mobile charges to move.