He compiled or wrote the lives of several eleventh and twelfth century popes, among them the life of his uncle,.

Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains a Christian connection today.

In part, during the 19th century it was due both to the growing wealth of some Catholic sees, which enabled them to donate expensive new crowns to the papacy when their cardinal was elected pope, and also the political travails of mid and late 19th century popes.

Pope Urban's nepotism became legendary and later 17th century popes vowed to be different (though several were not).

They led early sixteenth century popes to resist reform and bolster their own position by using their spiritual power, along with war and diplomacy, to become territorial princes in Italy, building their bank accounts on the way.

However, some authors list several later tenth, eleventh, and twelfth century popes as also having issued coins, but these attributions are due mostly to faulty research.

With its powers reduced to the weakened Papal State, the Office became an advisory committee to the late 19th century popes, where it played a far greater advisory than executive role (Peters 1988: 120).

The ideas of the clerical philosophers were buttressed by the teachings of the nineteenth century popes.

Fourteenth and fifteenth century popes leveled similar taxes for personal uses as well as for wars against the Ottoman Turks and others.

However, the Medici remained masters of Italy through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII, who were de facto rulers of both Rome and Florence.