Scientific efforts aimed at understanding detail of total net carbon exchange.

They can use these permits or sell them on the carbon exchange.

As of 21 July 2008, CERs from hydropower projects are not listed on European carbon exchanges, because different member states interpret these limitations differently.

This carbon exchange becomes important in controlling pH in the ocean and can also vary as a source or sink for carbon.

In November 2010, the Climate Exchange stated that it would cease trading carbon credits at the end of 2010, although carbon exchanges will still be facilitated.

The development follows an unsuccessful experiment with voluntary carbon exchanges that was set up in 2009 in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.

The carbon exchanges between reservoirs occur as the result of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes.

A major controlling factor in oceanic-atmospheric carbon exchange is thermohaline circulation.

Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange.

The annual movements of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes.