They reference an item by its index in the array or list.

The stock market, as measured by the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index, rose 23 percent.

During the same period, the stock market, as measured by the Standard & Poor's 500 index, was flat.

The broader market, as measured by the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index, fell 27.1 percent during that time.

The stock market, as measured by the Standard & Poor's 500 index, is down 22.5 percent this year, after two calendar years of losses.

The broader market, as measured by the Standard & Poor's index of 500 stocks, fell slightly more.

Inflation, as measured by the Consumer Price Index, had been 3.2 percent in 1972.

The broader market, as measured by the Standard & Poor's index of 500 stocks, gained 0.72 point, to 316.03.

Inflation, as measured by the Consumer Price Index, will stay in the 2 to 3 percent range.

In the same period, inflation, as measured by the Consumer Price Index, was 68.8 percent.