"All human change has been by sudden mutation," Joseph said.

This does not rule out evolution by mutation and selection.

This argument led to the widely held position that evolution proceeds by small mutations.

Some of these differences the plant or animal may have got from their own ancestors, but some are new and caused by mutations.

Single-copy genes can cause serious disease if disrupted by mutation.

The paradigm is that evolution proceeds by random mutations within the genome.

Importantly, it is easy to create systems that are not readily adaptable by mutation and selection.

If this were the case, it would provide an advantage to biological systems that are subject to damage by mutation or viral infection.

A defect in a gene caused by mutation, such as Cystic fibrosis.

This hitchhiking only works when M is very close to the beneficial allele that it has created by mutation.