In May, 1824 Granville was sent to Philadelphia in an attempt to encourage freed blacks to migrate to Haiti.

There was a significant free-black bias towards cities, as many rural free blacks migrated to cities over time, both in the North and the South.

As more and more blacks migrated from the South to the cities of the North, their voting strength increased, forcing the local governments to pay more attention to their needs.

Starting in September 1824, more than 6,000 American free blacks migrated to Haiti, with transportation paid by the ACS.

During and after the Civil War, the congregation also aided blacks migrating to Philadelphia from the rural South, helping them to learn its urban ways.

In the late 19th century, many blacks migrated to St. Louis from the Deep South for its industrial jobs.

About 400 whites and 5,000 blacks migrated to Jamaica, where Sir Archibald Campbell, who had restored Georgia to the crown, served as governor.

During the years of World War II, blacks also migrated to California, where good jobs were expanding in defense industries.

Some blacks had migrated from the remote region of the Ecuadorian-Colombian border to the towns and cities of Esmeraldas.

Even more southern blacks migrated to California, where buildup of defense industries provided good jobs without the restrictions of the segregated South.