Many plant communities have evolved under low nutrient conditions; therefore, increased N inputs can alter biotic and abiotic interactions, leading to changes in community composition.

Darwin viewed biotic interactions - the struggle for existence - as being the major promoter of evolution.

It is thoroughly Darwinian in its stress on the paramount importance of biotic interactions.

Special attention is paid to biotic interactions in plankton assemblage including the microbial loop, the mechanism of influencing water blooms, phosphorus load and lake turnover.

Recovery from intermediate states of deterioration is less predictable and depends on a combination of abiotic factors and biotic interactions in each case.

Flow regime influences the water quality, energy cycles, biotic interactions, and habitat of rivers.

Field biology of placozoans (Trichoplax): distribution, diversity, biotic interactions.

Plant distributions is governed by a combination of historical factors, ecophysiology and biotic interactions.

Finally, fixed traits such as body size may lead to entirely different biotic interactions in different environments, e.g. pollinators visiting different sets of flowers.

However, the eventual extent of the western spread remains unclear because we know little about biotic interactions that will occur in this region.