At the bottom end are short oil alkyds where the percentage of drying oil is very low in relation to the base polyester polymer or backbone chain.

Say the -C-C- bonds are rotated so that the backbone chain lies entirely in the plane of the diagram.

A pendant group (sometimes spelled pendent) or side group is a group of molecules attached to a backbone chain of a long molecule.

Electrostricive graft polymers consist of flexible backbone chains with branching side chains.

The backbone chain is mainly composed of siloxane repeat units, and is of low molecular weight, so being classed as an oligomer.

The solubility of polymers depends on the chemical bonds present in the backbone chain and their compatibility with those of the solvent.

The "backbone" chain of these types of molecules consists of alternating P and O atoms covalently bonded together.

Essentially, each tick occurs when one amino acid in the backbone chain of a particular protein molecule is switched for another.

Once the slack is taken out of backbone chain, covalent bonds holding the chain together hinder further widening of the gap.

The gaps are bridged by fine filament called fibrils, which are molecules of the stretched backbone chain.