Psychopaths have in laboratory research responded differently to aversive stimuli.

It's when a response is performed that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring initially.

Negative reinforcement (sometimes "escape") occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed.

The subject learns that a certain response will result in the termination or prevention of an aversive stimulus.

Rather, the aversive stimulus (mostly shocks) are presented without explicit warning stimuli.

In all cases, the strongest predictor of a depressive response was lack of control over the aversive stimulus.

Positive punishment is the adding of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus to decrease a behavior or response.

This means it may play an active role in identifying important behavioral responses necessary to comprehend the consequences of the aversive stimuli.

The person may terminate an aversive stimuli (interaction, task or activity) and the behavior is more likely to be maintained.

Negative reinforcement occurs when a dog discovers that a particular response ends the presentation of an aversive stimulus.