He was Italy's minister of Education 1936-1943, the editor of several journals, and the Mayor of Rome, initiating a number of anti-democratic and anti-semitic measures.

In 1938 she canceled engagements in Venice and Milan to protest the Italian government's anti-Semitic measures.

Thus, in addition to his rabbinical tasks, he was able to intercede with the government on various occasions when anti-Semitic measures had been introduced.

The countries of Eastern Europe, for example, adopted ever greater anti-Semitic measures of their own, while the Western democracies practiced appeasement and watched anti-Semitic movements grow within their borders.

Although anti-Semitic measures had been passed for centuries before this, it was the Fourth Lateran Council that institutionalized anti-Semitism in Europe and effectively disenfranchised Jews from European society.

When German officials raised the issue of depriving Jews of their rights, the Government replied that Denmark would never cooperate by adopting or enforcing anti-Semitic measures.

In 1920 he terminated the civil rights Hungary's Jews had achieved in 1867 and instituted such anti-Semitic measures as university quotas.

Together with the much smaller anti-Stalinist communist party RSAP the only pre-war organisation that already in 1940 protested against the anti-Semitic measures by the German occupiers.