Threat calls are heard during aggressive encounters and are often uttered by supporters of those involved in antagonistic interactions.

This behavior leads to a type of social buffering which reduces the number of antagonistic interactions among males in a group.

We demonstrated that this overall excess of antagonistic interactions results from compensatory mutations (Figs.

As a proportion of total time spent interacting with genetic and stepchildren, fathers are shown to have approximately 75 percent more antagonistic interactions with stepchildren.

In this study, antagonistic interactions are defined as involving physical or verbal combat or an expression of injury.

The duration of the relationship between genetic fathers and children shows a positive correlation with both relative proportion of interaction time and antagonistic interaction.

Intraspecific antagonism means a disharmonious or antagonistic interaction between two individuals of the same species.

In antagonistic interactions one species benefits at the expense of another.

The grosbeaks may utter a creaky groan in antagonistic interactions.

These matrilines help each other during antagonistic interactions.