This can affect the movement of compounds across the membrane.

This results in a pressure difference across the membrane.

In particular, they wanted to understand the potential difference across the membrane when blood flow ceases and the cells start to run out of energy.

This is why energy can be stored as a combination of these two gradients across the membrane.

These proteins mainly transport chemicals and information across the membrane.

This is also the fundamental principle in studying transport across membranes.

The gradient can be used to transport molecules across membranes.

All ions passing across the membrane contribute to the measured current.

It is known that calcium and sodium can move in either direction across the membrane of muscle cells.

Second, many (maybe most) functions within the body depend upon the transfer of water across cell walls and membranes.