New economic activities were little source of employment, while the vineyards had required abundant labour.
As the city prospered, businesses looked to New Jersey for cheaper space, more abundant labor and more accommodating business conditions.
Those glorious plantings, popularized by writers and gardeners like William Robinson and Gertrude Jekyll, owed their existence primarily to abundant cheap labor.
The manual labor, abundant when mobilized by a strong socio-political organization, produced the bulk of the work.
Partly because of abundant labor, which allows farmers to pick through and hand-sort cherries, the coffee that goes to market is exceptionally clean, or free of imperfect beans.
This is because of abundant cheap labor in countries like China pressing manufacturers to maintain profitability by outsourcing their unskilled labor overseas, Mr. Kleintop said.
Edgewater was also well situated for shipping, with deep water piers on the Hudson River and access to abundant labor from Manhattan.
Comparative advantage is undermined if the factors of production can relocate to wherever they are most productive: in today's case, to a relatively few countries with abundant cheap labor.
They are building immense new plants and research centers here to take advantage of abundant Chinese labor, doing nearly every kind of job their Japanese work force does.
By contrast, developing economies have abundant pliable labour, and low rents and wages.