Throughout the 20th century the authoritarian secular Turkish nationalism was continuously challenged by Islamists.

This violence resulted in decreased international support for the occupation and a rise of Turkish nationalism.

The sociological foundation of Turkish nationalism thus appeared to imply that the best education was a cultural one that gave pride of place.

Arab nationalism is a nationalist ideology that arose in the 20th century mainly as a reaction to Turkish nationalism.

Berktay's research areas are the history and historiography of Turkish nationalism in the 20th century.

Armenian nationalism has notably been opposed to Turkish nationalism.

Turkish Cypriots quickly adopted the secular program of Turkish nationalism.

He wrote his doctoral dissertation on Turkish nationalism.

With the rise of Turkish nationalism, a belief among some Turkish nationalists was to form a modern homogenized nation state.

Beside the very strong Turkish nationalism there are three pan-nationalisms.