The Soviet port of Murmansk was a high value target for German command in 1941.

Every major Soviet port faces a choke point or is icebound six months of the year.

It sailed in late January 1944, reaching the Soviet northern ports at the beginning of February.

By the 1980s the majority of Soviet ports were lagging behind the First World technologically.

It sailed in late April 1942, reaching the Soviet northern ports after air attacks that sank three ships.

It sailed in January 1944, reaching the Soviet northern ports at the end of the month.

Soviet ports were mined, as was the Arctic convoy route to Murmansk.

A series of signals were issued to the convoy, culminating in an order to 'scatter' to Soviet ports.

It sailed in December 1943, reaching the Soviet northern ports at the end of the month.

It sailed in May 1942, reaching the Soviet northern ports after five days of air attacks that left eight ships sunk and two damaged.