Her crown, in some respects the most resplendent, proved in fact to be the last ever made for a Russian ruler.

Subsequent Russian rulers inherited a system put in place by Ivan.

Almost every Russian ruler has sought to conquer ports in warm waters.

He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.

The title was re-used by Peter the Great and became standard for Russian rulers.

By the 16th century, the Russian ruler had emerged as a powerful, autocratic figure, a Tsar.

For the first time, a Russian ruler had staked his position on the will of the people.

Eastern influence remained strong well until the 17th century, when Russian rulers made a conscious effort to modernize their country.

It was a high title at the court of Russian rulers until the 17th century.

But Russian rulers have run roughshod over rights guaranteed in previous constitutions.