By the 11th century Muslim power in the Mediterranean had begun to wane.

Muslim power in Madinah had been such that none could effectively oppose it.

So, as Islam spread, three main Muslim political powers emerged.

Although no fighting occurred, the coastal tribes were impressed with Muslim power.

They escaped destruction only where Muslim power did not gain access to them for reasons such as dense forests.

The loss of the cities, each with a splendid harbor, dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island.

What made it worse was that the defeat could not wholly be attributed to renascent Muslim power.

The late medieval period saw the rise of Muslim power in South India.

The council also ruled it illegal to sell arms or goods which could assist armaments to Muslim powers.

During this period, the Muslim power in Sindh was trying to march towards the north.