But the debate about the Michigan case has been surprisingly calm and reflective, partly because many Americans now understand how affirmative action works.

The Michigan case highlights the new legal challenges, and potential for abuse, posed by the growing popularity of electronic communications.

The two Michigan cases capped a series of cases around the country, challenging discriminator admissions systems at various universities.

We think the most effective way to create a deterrent is to facilitate civil actions, along the line of the Michigan case.

The Michigan case, although it involves higher education, is expected to have ramifications in elementary, middle and high schools.

The two Michigan cases have also been somewhat at odds.

Some excerpts in the Michigan case were substantial.

The Texas case will be argued March 26 and the Michigan case six days later, on April 1.

But since those programs apply only at the high school level, they cannot ensure minority access to graduate and professional schools, a key issue in the Michigan case.

Some of those Michigan cases resulted in convictions on significant charges.