He engaged in a long correspondence with the imprisoned Zeng to convince him that his unfavorable view of Manchu rule was unjustified.

In 1910, he urged the imperial authorities that a cabinet system be established, and in 1911 he recognized the independence of Shandong from Manchu rule.

Total war was waged against Manchu rule.

With the end of Manchu rule in 1911, the Buddhist church and its clergy provided the only political structure available.

Under Manchu rule, which ended in 1912, Mr. Watt's family retreated from public life.

However, the Qing government frequently used literary persecution to destroy Chinese opposition to Manchu rule.

Manchu rule of Beijing gave rise to the city's local dialect of Mandarin Chinese, which eventually became the official national language for the country.

After this vision, he felt it was his duty to spread his interpretation of Christianity and overthrow Manchu rule.

Manchu rule was thus dependent on the loyalty of regional officials.

This covers the political history of the last 111 years of Manchu rule over China.