The 1880s saw a great influx of Jewish newcomers to Birmingham.

In the middle of the 16th century, Poland welcomed the Jewish newcomers from Italy and Turkey, mostly of Sephardi origin.

The urban machines, however unsavory their style, offered the waves of Catholic and Jewish newcomers a foothold in the American political system.

Since then, he said, Jewish newcomers have dumped his bedding, books and other belongings down a muddy hillside, and he complained that they try to intimidate him by pounding on his door at night.

There Layton and his family (his father died when he was 13) faced daily struggles with, among others, Montreal's French Canadians, who were uncomfortable with the growing numbers of Jewish newcomers.

The Jewish newcomers to Worcester integrated in the city's economy.

Even Jewish philanthropy, now often admired as a model of ethnic solidarity, was long divided by resentment between wealthy German Jews and penniless Jewish newcomers from Eastern Europe.

"There's some very strong prejudice within the Cantonese community," he said, drawing a parallel with assimilated German Jews who looked down on Jewish newcomers from Russia.

Mrs. Dubrovsky believes the longer established farmers might have been resentful of the Jewish newcomers.

If divided, the average sum at the hands of each Galician Jewish newcomer comprised only 22 dollars.