Mr. Philippe said his force was receiving donations from Haitian exiles in the United States and Canada.

It has also announced that it will train about 500 Haitian exiles as police and police trainers in Canada.

Books such as Jean Métellus's Louis Vortex (1992, réédition 2005) depict the daily life of Haitian exiles in their host countries.

Bosch, a left-leaning democrat, provided asylum and support to Haitian exiles who plotted against the Duvalier regime.

The outspoken support they had expressed for Father Aristide immediately prompted suspicion among many of Miami's Haitian exiles that the killings were political assassinations.

Some Haitian exiles fear that Colonel Francois, with the help of a brother living there, could set up a base of resistance to Father Aristide.

In his speech, Father Aristide made a strong appeal to Haitian exiles to return and rebuild the country in the decade before the bicentennial.

New York is home to the world's largest community of Haitian exiles, numbering some 300,000.

Together the three programs would have provided a context for talented Haitian exiles to return and work effectively.

Now Mr. Dominique is one of the many Haitian exiles waiting in New York for the chance to go home and live free.