The purification of penicillin was achieved by Ernst Chain, Norman Heatley and Edward Abraham, with Chain and Abraham eventually determining its chemical structure.

He also worked for a while in research in Berlin where he began a life long friendship with Ernst Chain.

Others involved in the mass production of penicillin include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey and Norman Heatley.

For their discovery and development of penicillin as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, and Alexander Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

One inventor is dissed: Alexander Fleming, a scientist of "mundane skills," accidentally discovered penicillin, but it was Ernst Chain and Howard Florey who actually made penicillin a lifesaving drug.

Edson also became acquainted with Ernst Chain and D D Wood.

He worked with Ernst Chain to explore discoveries made earlier by Alexander Fleming.

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain developed penicillin further so it could be used as a drug, but it was not until World War Two that it began to be mass produced.

The two programmes placed more than 200 refugees at universities, including Ernst Chain, whose subsequent work on penicillin earned him a Nobel Prize.

He was Ernst Chain, not Ernest.