The Coulomb potential, depending on difference vectors, is invariant as well.

Most students who have taken a course in electromagnetism have encountered the Coulomb potential.

Physicist noticed that "the wave equation is dispersive for the atomic Coulomb potential."

The electron-nucleus interactions are not removed and the electrons still "feel" the Coulomb potential of the nuclei clamped at certain positions in space.

The Hamiltonian H is just the two-dimensional Coulomb potential between lines.

The expression gives the gravitational potential associated to a point mass or the Coulomb potential associated to a point charge.

An electron in the spherically symmetric Coulomb potential has potential energy:

The next term is the attractive interaction of the electrons with the nuclei through the Coulomb potential .

The Coulomb potential is therefore perturbed by a small amount and the degeneracy of the two energy levels is removed.

This is known as the Coulomb potential.