They mark epochal Protestant moments like the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, when William of Orange, the King of England, overcame his Catholic rival, James II.

These religious occupations have occasioned reconsideration of the role played by spiritual concerns in Hakluyt's writings on exploration, settlement, and England's relations with its Catholic rivals.

The hard-liners want to restrict his ability to keep the Protestant party engaged in government with their Catholic rivals, Sinn Fein, while the I.R.A. keeps any arms.

During his European travels he was known to walk around Rome wearing a broad-brimmed white hat, many chains and red breeches, possibly an attempt to upstage his Catholic rivals.

The Unionists share authority in that government with their Catholic rivals in Sinn Fein, the political wing of the I.R.A..

Queen Elizabeth I finally yielded to pressures to have Mary Queen of Scots, her Catholic rival, executed, and made attendance at Anglican religious services mandatory.

The largest Protestant party, the Ulster Unionists, has said it will not return to government with its Catholic rivals in Sinn Fein unless the I.R.A. disarms.

Protestant thinkers joined forces with the "enlightened" critics of their Catholic rival and in that way Protestantism could evade harsh criticism of their own doctrine of sola scriptura to a certain degree.

Their largely Catholic rivals, called republicans or nationalists, want to see Northern Ireland leave Britain and become one with Ireland.

Those in line to succeed him are less committed to sharing power with their Catholic rivals and would be less willing partners with Britain and Ireland in trying to set up a governing coalition.