The word Creole was also used to distinguish those Afro-descendants who were born in the New World in comparison to African-born slaves.

A critical part of the initiation of any sort of collective identity for African-born slaves began with relationships formed on slave ships crossing the middle passage.

In 1791 Haiti's African-born slaves rose up against their masters.

The third group, outnumbering the others by a ratio of ten to one, was made up of mostly African-born slaves.

In 1518 the first shipment of African-born slaves was sent to the West Indies.

Unlike Jamaica, Guyana or Trinidad, Barbados was the destination of few African-born slaves after 1800.

Amos Fortune was an African-born slave who purchased his freedom and that of his wife, and established a tannery in the village.

There was a higher proportion of African-born slaves, and Africans who came from closely related regions.

Eight years later African-born slaves arrived in the West Indies.

The population census of 1813 shows that among African-born slaves the Igbo were the most numerous.