wave impedance

The wave impedance varies over the cross-section of the line.

This phenomenon is conditioned by the wave impedance matching between the two media.

In both cases, the wave impedance converges on that of free space as the range approaches the far field.

Wave vector, wave impedance, and direction of power flow are universal.

With metamaterials, we can also obtain total refraction phenomena when the wave impedances of the two media are matched.

Quantum wave impedance of Josephson junction:

Bohr wave impedance:

In particular, for a plane wave travelling through empty space, the wave impedance is equal to the impedance of free space.

The wave impedance is the ratio of the strength of the electric and magnetic fields, which in the far-field are in phase with each other.

The symbol η (eta) may be used instead of Z for wave impedance to avoid confusion with electrical impedance.

In a perfect dielectric, the wave impedance can be found by dividing Z by the square root of the dielectric constant.

The standard wave impedance definition for the QHE LC circuit could be presented as:

In a paper with Ray Tsu he derived the first quantum mechanical wave impedance formula for Schrodinger wave functions.

This prototype was based on quarter wave impedance transformers and was able to produce designs with bandwidths up to an octave, corresponding to a Q of about 1.3.

For a transverse-electric-magnetic (TEM) plane wave traveling through a homogeneous medium, the wave impedance is everywhere equal to the intrinsic impedance of the medium.

At the same time, it is introduced in such a manner that the wave impedance in the metamaterial remains the same as it is in the original conventional microstrip line.

For a waveguide or transmission line containing more than one type of dielectric medium (such as microstrip), the wave impedance will in general vary over the cross-section of the line.

The reason for this is that equally spaced errors introduced by the manufacturing process will cancel and be invisible, or at least much reduced, at certain frequencies due to quarter wave impedance transformer action.

The wave impedance of an electromagnetic wave is the ratio of the transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields (the transverse components being those at right angles to the direction of propagation).

For a waveguide entirely filled with a homogeneous dielectric medium, similar expressions apply, but with the wave impedance of the medium replacing Z. The presence of the dielectric also modifies the cut-off frequency f.

For any waveguide in the form of a hollow metal tube, (such as rectangular guide, circular guide, or double-ridge guide), the wave impedance of a travelling wave is dependent on the frequency , but is the same throughout the guide.

If a simple open-ended waveguide is used as an antenna, without the horn, the sudden end of the conductive walls causes an abrupt impedance change at the aperture, from the wave impedance in the waveguide to the impedance of free space, (about 377 ohms).

He and Timir Datta have introduced the concept of wave impedance in quantum transport for dissipation free quantum waves, where using the expressions for probability continuity and energy expectation an equation for quantum wave impedance of Schrodinger functions is obtained.