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Profits from current production, which are regarded as the most useful measure for economic analysis, include adjustments for the value of inventory and capital consumption.
During the quarter, the value of inventories fell $60.1 billion, the largest decline relative to the economy's size since the early 1980's.
As stated earlier the value of inventories must be recorded at the lower of cost or net realisable value.
Overstating or understating the value of inventory is one of the oldest accounting tricks in the apparel business, manufacturers said.
But nearly half the August increase, or nearly $2.6 billion, came from a rise in the value of inventories held by automobile dealers and food stores.
The effect of reducing the value of inventory by $1,000,000 reveals the effect holding cost has on its owner.
It is standard under the historical cost basis to write down the value of inventory (stock) to a lower cost and net realisable value.
The value of inventories rose $67 billion in the three-month period, or $6 billion less than in the third quarter.
Earnings "quality" varies sharply with inflation because it is heavily influenced by spurious factors, like the value of inventories, in times of rising prices.
The benefit of these formulas is that the first absorbs all overheads of production and raw material costs into a value of inventory for reporting.
Galeries Lafayette, the French chain, offered $4 million plus the value of inventory to buy the lease of the flagship store.
The value of inventories totaled $676.2 billion in July, after a larger increase of five-tenths of a percent in June.
Supplies of unsold goods rose 0.4 percent in July from June, lifting the value of inventories to a seasonally adjusted $1.1 trillion.
Veeco said the investigation focused on the value of inventory, accounts payable and certain revenue items at TurboDisc, which it acquired in November 2003.
Each quarter, the department's Bureau of Economic Analysis calculates profits before taxes, and adjusted so that the value of inventories and capital reflect their actual replacement costs.
In national accounts and business accounts, for example, the change in the value of inventories held is adjusted for changes in their current market prices, affecting the profit calculation.
Through their scheme, the executives decreased the company's reported expenses through bogus increases in the value of inventory, a figure that is used to measure the cost of sales each month.
Perhaps the most encouraging sign for the coming months, economists said, was the $36 billion decline in the value of inventories - goods piled up in company warehouses - during the third quarter.
In its third quarter, which ended Oct. 30, the value of inventory for sale in a square foot of floor space fell to $70 from $83 in the period a year earlier.
Inflation also caused the real value of debts to depreciate and the nominal value of inventories to increase; thus, the old-fashioned bookkeeping misstated the asset position and led to unwise decisions.
On the basis of this huge value of inventory, he took out massive loans from various Wall Street banks and companies, and used the cash to buy all of the futures on the oil.
Whereas the total value of inventories held was 27% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at factor cost in 1991, the annual change was -0.9% of GDP.
The company said that for accounting purposes it would reduce the value of inventory by $2.5 billion this quarter, including $500 million in partly completed equipment and $2 billion of raw materials like computer chips.
Mr. Pomerantz has said that Mr. Kenia and others apparently inflated the value of inventory and toyed with the cost of Leslie Fay's goods to pump up profits.
Inventories Pose Problem Many of those involved in the revision process agree that a change must be made in the current business inventory component, which covers the value of inventories on hand and on order.