Since 1984, he has contributed to advancements in semiconductor electronics, photonics, digital imaging sensors and medical devices.
It is also used in semiconductor electronics.
The cordwood method of construction was used only rarely once semiconductor electronics and PCBs became widespread.
The value of semiconductor electronics in an auto today is higher than the steel.
He is also known for his work on the electromigration of atoms, which later became an important consideration in semiconductor electronics.
The industry thinks this will continue until 2014 when, if not sooner, the basic processes underlying semiconductor electronics will simply stop working.
With the introduction of semiconductor electronics, vacuum tubes of all types ceased to be manufactured by the major producers.
Also, the deposited tungsten shows poor adhesion to the silicon dioxide which the main passivation material in semiconductor electronics.
Silicon has superior electrical properties, but it requires much greater purity, which could not be commercially achieved in the early years of semiconductor electronics.
Conversion from one DC voltage to another requires electronic circuitry (electromechanical equipment was required before the development of semiconductor electronics).