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Many secreted proteins are particularly important in bacterial pathogenesis.
The encoded protein is processed to a mature secreted form that exists as a homodimer.
R-spondin-1 is a secreted protein that in humans is encoded by the Rspo1 gene, found on chromosome 1.
Pepsin in its secreted form is inactive (pepsinogen).
Additional allele specific isoforms, including a secreted form, have been described but have not been fully characterized.
IgD is also produced in a secreted form that is found in very small amounts in blood serum.
The secreted form of human TNFα takes on a triangular pyramid shape, and weighs around 17-kD.
The theca is a secreted covering predominately composed of cellulose or other polysaccharides (Adl, et al., 2005).
In this activated form, the B cell starts to produce antibody in a secreted form rather than a membrane-bound form.
The name YKL-40 is derived from the three N-terminal amino acids present on the secreted form and it's molecular mass.
He showed that RNA splicing is the mechanism for generating the membrane bound and the secreted forms of antibodies.
His work also revealed a physiological role for the secreted form of amyloid precursor protein generated by alpha-secretase activity (sAPPalpha).
Additionally, they might also function in excluding secreted proteins from COPI-coated retrograde vesicles [ 9, 10].
First group antagonists are composed of secreted Frizzled Related protein family (Sfrp) and Wnt inhibitory factor (Wif).
The exact manner in which the secreted acid reaches the stomach lumen is controversial, as acid must first cross the relatively pH neutral gastric mucus layer.
In 1974 Niels Kaj Jerne proposed that the immune system functions as a network, that is regulated via interactions between the variable parts of lymphocytes and their secreted molecules.
Sialomucins are a heterogeneous group of secreted or membrane-associated mucins that appear to play two key but opposing roles in vivo: first as cytoprotective or antiadhesive agents, and second as adhesion receptors.
A nicotinamidase found in humans, known as PBEF, may serve a similar function, and a secreted form of PBEF known as visfatin may help to regulate serum insulin levels.
Although parvulin has no homology with larger prolyl isomerases such as cyclophilin and FKBP, it does share structural features with subdomains of other proteins involved in preparing secreted proteins for export from the cell.
The secreted form has been referred to as megakaryocyte potentiating factor (MPF) for its ability to stimulate the megakaryocyte colony forming activity of murine IL-3 in mouse bone marrow cell culture [ 23 24 ] .
Astrocytes express a number of secreted and membrane-attached factors both in vitro and in vivo that are known to regulate proliferation and fate specification of adult neural precursors as well as neuronal migration, maturation, and synapse formation.