Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, 2-CdA) and pentostatin are both highly efficacious in the treatment of patients with disease refractory to interferon-alpha.

CBV is usually given in high doses to patients who have relapsed or who have refractory disease and cannot benefit from standard chemotherapy.

Up to the present all patients treated with cyclosporin for ulcerative colitis have had severe, refractory disease and there are no published controlled trials.

In one instance rhuematoid arthritis was tied directly to refractory disease.

Allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation are the preferred treatment options for relapsed or refractory disease.

With coeliac disease non-compliance to achieve normal intestinal morphology is a risk factor for refractory disease and cancer.

Its use is being studied in patients with refractory lymphoproliferative diseases.

Posaconazole was effective in six patients with disease refractory to treatment with azoles and amphotericin B (328).

A tiny minority of people suffer from refractory disease, which means they do not improve on a gluten-free diet.

The use of everolimus in refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease has been reported in 2012.