Ludlow was a Baptist and Calvinist predestinarian, and his political views were inextricably interlinked with providentialist and apocalyptic religious views.

Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as anthropomorphism in the Muslim orthodoxy, but he was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law.

By the late 1620s, it was impossible to obtain a licence to publish any theological books containing predestinarian opinions.

However, many ordinary men and women came to find this undiluted predestinarian Calvinism uncongenial and repressive.

We have already mentioned one aspect of this in his departure from the predestinarian scheme of classical Calvinism, and many comparable illustrations could be given.

More recently, George Bernard has also attempted to refute the contention that the church established by Elizabeth was predominantly predestinarian.

He encouraged quietism and free-thought amongst his followers whose beliefs were predestinarian in a manner that was distinct from Calvinism.

His first encounter was with Gottschalk, whose predestinarian doctrines claimed to be modelled on those of St Augustine.

Parker held a strict predestinarian theology, as well as his controversial Two-Seed theology.

To clarify the situation, Whitgift drew up a list to define clearly the doctrines of Calvinism, which adhered to a predestinarian view.

In 1595, she even refused to allow the publication of the predestinarian Lambeth Articles, although they had been approved by her favoured archbishop, John Whitgift.

In 1628, the Duke of Buckingham was made Chancellor of Cambridge University and all predestinarian teaching was subsequently banned.

They have dropped the strict Calvinism or Predestinarian teachings held by other Primitive Baptists, and are very similar to the black National (Missionary) Baptist conventions.

He is steeped in the predestinarian theology of Old Primitive Baptism, in which the fate of very small humans is selected by a very great God.

Charles I also stood against the advance of extreme predestinarian theology in the Church of England, principally through his Declaration on the Articles of Religion (1628).

The grosser pagans contented themselves with divinizing lust, incest, and adultery; but the predestinarian doctors have divinized cruelty, wrath, fury, vengeance, and all the blackest vices.

Confession, like good works, implied that man had the chance to improve his chances of obtaining salvation and, again, was irreconcilable with the past fifty years and more of Calvinist, predestinarian teaching.

However, the view that there was a predestinarian orthodoxy in the Elizabethan church has been challenged by another group of historians, which includes Peter White, Kevin Sharpe, and George Bernard.

By contrast Muller has argued that the later Reformed thinkers did not develop a predestinarian system but instead understood theology in terms of a series of biblically and traditionally based loci or topics.

R. T. Kendall and Peter Lake have refined this position by drawing a distinction between a moderate majority of 'credal' predestinarian Protestants and a smaller group of more intense 'experimental'predestinarians.

However, the more influential Reformer in early 17th century England was John Calvin, a strong advocate of predestination; many critics have found traces of Calvin's predestinarian theology in Shakespeare's play.

The potential allusion to predestinarian theology is even stronger in the first published version of Hamlet, Quarto 1, where this same line reads: "There's a predestinate providence in the fall of a sparrow."

Since the reign of Elizabeth, England had contained a number of theologians who opposed the extreme predestinarian views in the high Calvinism propounded by Theodore Beza and accepted by the Puritans.

After the "missionary" and "anti-missionary" controversy brought division among Baptists, the "anti-missionaries" were called by names such as Old School, Old Regular, Predestinarian, and Primitive (as well as the pejorative "hardshells").

This is a predestinarian belief but, because there are two seeds and not one, humanity is not rendered abject and the innocence of Adam and Eve still has a chance of coming to the top within modern humankind.

As Charles II's reign progressed, more and more Anglican theologians turned their backs on the rigid predestinarian Calvinism so prevalent in the pre-1660 period in favour of a modified version of the Arminian position on salvation.

To refute the predestinarian heresy Hincmar composed his De praedestinatione Dei et libero arbitrio, and against certain propositions advanced by Gottschalk on the Trinity he wrote a treatise called De una et non trina deitate.