polytomy

The species of the simulans complex form a hard polytomy.

Together they formed a polytomy with the main ornithomimosaurian branch just below Garudimimus.

All tested members of Heterodontosauridae form a polytomy.

Such studies have so far revealed almost nothing about relationships within the genus, placing nearly all of the sampled species in a large polytomy.

In a phylogenetic tree, a polytomy is represented as a node which has more than two immediate descending branches.

The extinct African species Crocodylus anthropophagus is also part of this polytomy.

A cladistic analysis by Novas et al. found that all valid plateosaurid species form a large polytomy.

Instead, erpetosuchids formed a polytomy or unresolved evolutionary relationship at the base of Archosauria along with several other groups.

Different lineages exist that are apparently not stable in space and time, are best described as polytomy, from which the similar island taxa derive.

However, the three species of Broiliellus did not form their own clade, but rather a polytomy (unresolved evolutionary relationship) with Dissorophus.

Sister-group relationships between coniasaurs, dolichosaurs, Aigialosauridae and Mosasauridae are an unresolved polytomy.

After Aetosaurus, there is a polytomy of three smaller clades in which it is unknown which clade diverged first from the group.

This group is described as a polytomy, meaning no two of its members are known to be more closely related to each other than to any of the others.

Neuquenraptor was assigned by Novas and Pol to the Dromaeosauridae in a polytomy with several dromaeosaurid taxa.

Both Poekilopleuron and Lourinhanosaurus were recovered outside the family, and many taxa within the Metriacanthosauridae were in polytomy.

The analysis found Gracilisuchus, Turfanosuchus and the Revueltosaurus+Aetosauria clade to nest in a large polytomy with Ticinosuchus+Paracrocodylomorpha.

Recent studies place it in a polytomy, or unresolved relationship, with two large groups: the neotropical and African crocodiles and the Indopacific crocodiles.

In this analysis, Alnashetri was recovered as a basal alvarezsaurid, in a polytomy with other alvarezsaurids from the Neuquén Basin.

Shenzhousaurus, also from the Yixian Formation, was found in a polytomy with Hexing and this clade, as shown by the following cladogram:

The relationships between these dyrosaurids were not resolved, as Acherontisuchus was placed in a polytomy with Hyposaurus, Congosaurus, and a group containing the other close relatives.

P. manselii was found in a polytomy at the base of Geosaurini with Torvoneustes and a clade that includes Dakosaurus and Geosaurus.

The resultant cladogram placed N. benstonei in an unresolved polytomy at the base of the Montanae/Nobiles clade, together with N. rhombicaulis.

The exclusion of Claosaurus, Jeyawati, Levnesovia, Nanyangosaurus, Shuangmiaosaurus and Telmatosaurus from the polytomy resulted in a more resolved topology.

A 1998 allozyme analysis by Gavin Naylor again yielded ambiguous results, finding that the blacktip reef shark forms a polytomy (irresolvable group) with 10 other Carcharhinus species.

Vickaryous et al. (2004) have stated that "Sauropelta edwardsorum, Silvisaurus condrayi, and Pawpawsaurus campbelli form a basal polytomy nested deep to Cedarpelta."