primordialism
perennialism

"Primordialism assumes ethnic identity as fixed, once it is constructed".

Primordialism or perennialism is the argument which contends that nations are ancient, natural phenomena.

Nationalist activists see themselves as representing a pre-existing nation, and the primordialism theory of nationalism agrees.

It will now be necessary to discuss Primordialism as a paradigm in ethnic studies, in the context of Rwanda.

One is between "primordialism" and "instrumentalism".

Examples of such approaches are: primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism and instrumentalism.

Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialism, instrumentalism or social constructivism.

However, Primordialism disagrees and argues that ethnicity existed historically, long before the Cold War, which merely gave way to ideological issues.

"Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations," The Journal of Modern History Vol.

His human skull covered with a black-and-white checkerboard pattern hovers with sly metaphorical potency between the primordialism of the cult of death and the dandyism of Duchampian gamesmanship.

Joireman, Sandra Fullerton, 'Primordialism', in Nationalism and Political Identity, (Cornwall: MPG Books Ltd, 2003), pp.

"Geertz's primordialism", notably espoused by anthropologist Clifford Geertz, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human "givens" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences.

Primordialism can be traced philosophically to the ideas of German Romanticism, particularly in the works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Johann Gottfried Herder.

"Essentialist primordialism" further holds that ethnicity is an a priori fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is basically unchanged by it.

"Kinship primordialism" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or clan ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity.

In 1933 Cavalli, together with Capogrossi and Melli wrote the "Manifesto del Primordialismo plastico" (Manifesto of Plastic Primordialism) defining the Tonalism Creed, with special emphasis on the style's spiritual and abstract side.

Despite much academic criticism of Primordialism, and the development of other ethnic theories such as constructivism and instrumentalism, Primordialism is "influential in identifying the enduring strength of ethnic ties and its member's commitment to it".

This form of perennialism comprises the humanist and scientific traditions.

Such a canon is important to the theory of educational perennialism and the development of "high culture".

"Perpetual perennialism" holds that specific ethnic groups have existed continuously throughout history.

Primordialism or perennialism is the argument which contends that nations are ancient, natural phenomena.

Adler was a proponent of educational perennialism.

"Situational perennialism" holds that nations and ethnic groups emerge, change and vanish through the course of history.

This is called Perennialism (based on the concept of philosophia perennis) or Traditionalism.

The idea of a perennial philosophy, sometimes called perennialism, is a key area of debate in the academic discussion of mystical experience.

An article on Muslim Perennialism.

Examples of such approaches are: primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism and instrumentalism.

Perennialism may refer to:

Educational perennialism: Perennialists believe that one should teach the things that they believe are of everlasting importance to all people everywhere.

The word perennial in secular perennialism suggests something that lasts an indefinitely long time, recurs again and again, or is self-renewing.

To make the university a preeminent undergraduate academic institution, administrators decided to implement President Hutchins' philosophy of secular perennialism.

Although his father and grandfather were both Presbyterian ministers, Hutchins became one of the most influential members of the school of secular perennialism.

He rejects most of the tenets of Perennialism and the associated anti-evolutionary view of history as a regression from past ages or yugas.

Discourse 5 of that work, "Knowledge Its Own End", is still relevant as a clear statement of a Christian educational perennialism.

In the nineteenth century, John Henry Newman presented a detailed defense of educational perennialism in The Idea of a University.

The Core Curriculum of Columbia College of Columbia University, is probably the best-known example of educational perennialism.

Under the influence of Perennialism, which was popularised in both the west and the east by Unitarianism, Transcendentalists and Theosophy, mysticism has acquired a broader meaning.

Common educational philosophies include: educational perennialism, educational progressivism, educational essentialism, critical pedagogy, Montessori education, Waldorf education, and democratic education.

Although perennialism may appear similar to essentialism, perennialism focuses first on personal development, while essentialism focuses first on essential skills.

The University of Chicago's Common Core, established by Mortimer Adler and Robert Maynard Hutchins is another well-known example of educational perennialism.

One of the earliest recorded expressions of this religious perennialism is found in the Bhagavad-Gita, which the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community acknowledges as of Divine origin:

This paradigm is closely associated with a critical view of the Great Man theory of history and the Great Books focus of educational essentialism and educational perennialism.