thebaine
paramorphine

Oripavine is an opiate and the major metabolite of thebaine.

It can also be produced from thebaine.

Phenanthrenes include morphine, codeine, and thebaine are the main narcotic constituents.

However, the highest thebaine percentages found (nearly 5%) were in some samples from Indochina, which at the same time had virtually no papaverine.

The major psychoactive opiates are morphine, codeine, and thebaine.

It is synthesised from thebaine.

The alkaloid in oxycodone is thebaine.

When ingested, thebaine causes nausea, vomiting, and myoclonus.

Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from poppy-derived thebaine.

While having no narcotic effects of its own, the important opioid precursor thebaine differs from codeine only slightly in structure.

Naloxone is synthesized from thebaine.

This molecule is biosynthetically related to the morphinane derivatives metabolism, where thebaine and morphine are implicated.

The resin also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids, such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine.

Oxycodone, a thebaine derivative similar to codeine, was introduced by Bayer in 1916 and promoted as a less-addictive analgesic.

Oripavine has a potential for dependence which is significantly greater than that of thebaine but slightly less than that of morphine.

For example, naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, is a derivative of thebaine that is present in opium.

Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic derivative of thebaine, one of the most chemically reactive morphine alkaloids.

A notable exception is thebaine, which is present in far larger fractions in opium than in poppy straw.

A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects.

Non-horticultural use of this species is for the production of thebaine, which is commercially converted to codeine and semi-synthetic opiates.

Until recently, oripavine was a Schedule II drug in the United States by default as a thebaine derivative, although it was not explicitly listed.

Therefore, most of the opiate-type analgesics in use today are either directly extracted from Papaver somniferum or synthesized from the natural opiates, mainly from thebaine.

Through selective breeding of the Papaver somniferum plant, the content of the phenanthrene alkaloids morphine, codeine, and to a lesser extent thebaine, has been greatly increased.

Poppies of the Norman and Przemko strains contain much higher amounts of thebaine and oripavine and have morphine concentrations down to under 1 per cent.

The United Nations Secretariat is currently engaged in a survey, the most extensive ever attempted in this field, of opium samples from different regions for their thebaine and papaverine percentages.