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The vertex of the lens surface is located on the local optical axis.

This ray is useful, because it crosses the optical axis again at the locations where an image will be formed.

This ray crosses the optical axis at the locations of the pupils.

This is more appropriate than the paraxial model in systems that lack symmetry about the optical axis.

A point R at the intersection of the optical axis and the image plane.

The cardinal points lie on the optical axis of the optical system.

Note that the aperture must be centered on the optical axis for this to work as indicated.

Each cylinder lines up parallel to the optical axis into which electrons enter.

This axis is known as the optical axis of the material.

For light traveling perpendicularly to the optical axis the beams will have the same direction.