Or at least, figure out how it is transmitted in its nonviral state."

In France it has been linked to at least 27 cases of acute nonviral hepatitis.

He lived for more than a decade with a nonviral form of hepatitis before his condition worsened in recent months.

Viral vectors are generally used but other nonviral methods of delivery are being developed.

But at least in some forms and amounts, niacin has also caused numerous and occasionally severe cases of nonviral hepatitis.

Retroviral vectors displaying nonviral proteins or peptides may also offer a vehicle for somatic gene therapy 6.

"We've been focused on nonviral delivery all along," said Vical's Dr. Schreiber.

This technology has been demonstrated as a nonviral vector to successfully deliver DNA loads to specifically targeted cells in living animals.

Chitosan and its derivatives, such as trimethylchitosan (where the amino group has been trimethylated), have been used in nonviral gene delivery.

Now, Vical and other companies are working to use nonviral vectors, which in the past have lacked the potency to deliver adequate amounts of genes to cells.

This approach has been taken with retroviral, lentiviral, AAV, and even nonviral vectors to deliver the iduronidase gene.

A facile nonviral method for delivering genes and siRNAs to skeletal muscle of mammalian limbs.

Due to safety concerns with viral vectors, nonviral delivery methods, typically employing lipid-based or polymeric vectors, are also promising candidates.

In principle, to target the virus to cell surface molecules which are not recognised by natural viral coat proteins, we could incorporate functional nonviral polypeptides into the virion.

Transkaryotic Therapies and Cell Genesys of Foster City, Calif. are developing nonviral ways of implanting genes into cells taken from the body.

Nonviral substances such as Ormosil have been used as DNA vectors and can deliver DNA loads to specifically targeted cells in living animals.

These are the herbs: CHAPARRAL - Also called creosote bush, it may cause acute nonviral hepatitis (rapidly developing liver damage) that is sometimes irreversible.

Kinetic considerations of RNAi will be imperative to planning safe and effective dosing schedules as nonviral methods of inducing RNAi continue to be developed.

It may also be possible to display other functional nonviral polypeptides (growth factors, cytokines or T cell receptors for example) or short peptide sequences with a variety of receptor binding activities.

Nonviral proteins have been incorporated into viral particles, for example, CD4 and chimaeric CD4-envelope proteins into avian retroviruses 12, but the displayed proteins were not shown to be folded.

This nonviral vector contains a T7 autogene, T7T7, and a human herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene driven by a second T7 promoter (T7TK).

Computational modeling of nonviral siRNA delivery paired with in vitro and in vivo gene knockdown studies by Bartlett and Davis elucidated the temporal behavior of RNAi in these systems.

After several years of work, researchers have increased the ability of these nonviral vectors to deliver genes by several thousandfold, prompting one editorial in the journal Science to call naked DNA "the biological equivalent of cold fusion."

Myocarditis is most often due to infection by common viruses, such as parvovirus B19, less commonly nonviral pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) or Trypanosoma cruzi, or as a hypersensitivity response to drugs.

When Hela cells were transfected with the HSV-tk gene, and were then put in a culture with nontransfected cells, only the HSV-tk transfected Hela cells were killed by the granciclovir, leaving the nonviral cells unharmed.

Anti-viral treatments will not have an effect in non-viral cases.

Generally, the methods can be divided into two categories, viral and non-viral.

The term is used notably for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells.

It's supposed to be protection against non-viral sleeping sicknesses."

The general term hepatitis refers to an inflammation of the liver, which can also be caused by non-viral causes.

This makes the Black Death the largest death toll from any known non-viral epidemic.

Chimeraplasty is a non-viral method of gene therapy.

The non-viral gene transfer methods available were not suitable for the efficient transfection of primary cells.

This is the simplest method of non-viral transfection.

Unlike viral vectors, non-viral ones avoid the risk of acquiring replication competence.

In order to transfer a functional gene into the target cell, viral or non-viral vectors can be employed.

Although the method is not systemic, but strictly local one, it is still the most efficient non-viral strategy for gene delivery.

Non-viral methods can present certain advantages over viral methods, such as large scale production and low host immunogenicity.

Mirus focused on developing innovative non-viral gene delivery technologies for gene therapy applications.

It can be a form of non-viral gene therapy as the complex does not require any components of a virus in order to transport genetic material.

The use of non-viral vectors avoids many, but not all, of the defenses that cells employ against vectors.

Novel non-viral vectors for osteoarthritis gene delivery including polymeric vectors are still under investigations.

Gene therapy techniques have also been studied to provide long-term production of growth factors and could be delivered with viral or non-viral vectors such as lipoplexes.

In contrast, other commonly used non-viral transfection methods rely on cell division for the transfer of DNA into the nucleus.

In future, this technology might be also an alternative strategy to the currently used viral and non-viral vectors in gene-therapy and gene transfer.

Plasmids, the circular DNAs shown in Fig. 1, are generally used for non-viral gene delivery.

"It's possible," Carrilund says, "but if so, it will have to be non-viral, nonbacterial, non-protist and non-mycotic, and even fall outside the range of prions."

A similar method can be used to titer genomic libraries made with non-viral vectors, such as plasmids and BACs.

Recent studies using helminthic therapy or hookworms to treat Crohn's Disease and other (non-viral) auto-immune diseases seem to yield promising results.

However, there are two major problems with most methods for delivering DNA to cellular chromosomes using plasmids, the most common form of non-viral gene delivery.