isothermally

This approach has the advantage of proceeding isothermally, at a constant temperature.

Likewise in vaporization, a liquid is turned to gas isothermally.

Usually, such tests are done isothermally (at constant temperature) by changing the atmosphere of the sample.

In other words, the enthalpy of a substance changes isothermally as it undergoes a physical change.

The particle can then be left to isothermally expand back to its original equilibrium occupied volume.

C is infinite at phase transition temperatures because the enthalpy changes isothermally.

Temperature can be controlled over the range 120 to 770 K, either isothermally or more normally by ramping up and down at various fixed rates.

That is done by keeping all variables constant, including temperature (isothermally) and entropy (adiabatically).

Finally, major and rapid horizontal extension lifts the terrain isostatically and isothermally.

The fugacity, which has units of pressure, represents the tendency of a fluid to escape or expand isothermally.

Various parts of the cycles of some heat engines are carried out isothermally and may be approximated by a Carnot cycle.

An ebulliometer is designed to accurately measure the boiling point of liquids by measuring the temperature of the vapor-liquid equilibrium either isobarically or isothermally.

Since the parameter is always positive, so is its internal pressure: internal energy of a van der Waals gas always increases when it expands isothermally.

They are generated from percentage transformation-vs logarithm of time measurements, and are useful for understanding the transformations of an alloy steel that is cooled isothermally.

James Joule tried to measure the internal pressure of air in his expansion experiment by isothermally pumping high pressure air from one metal vessel into another evacuated one.

Wet snow avalanches can be initiated from either loose snow releases, or slab releases, and only occur in snow packs that are water saturated and isothermally equilibrated to the melting point of water.

At constant pressure the above relationship produces a Maxwell relation that links the change in open cell voltage with temperature T (a measurable quantity) to the change in entropy S when charge is passed isothermally and isobarically.

If the system at State A is isothermally compressed (compressed with no change in system temperature) then the relative humidity of the system increases because the partial pressure of water in the system increases with the volume reduction.

Real gases have non-zero internal pressures because their internal energy changes as the gases expand isothermally - it can increase on expansion (, signifying presence of dominant attractive forces between the particles of the gas) or decrease (,dominant repulsion).

In a Carnot cycle, heat () is absorbed from a 'hot' reservoir, isothermally at the higher temperature , and given up isothermally to a 'cold' reservoir, , at a lower temperature, .

The electron affinity is a similar concept to the work function, but distinct: the work function is the thermodynamic work required to reversibly, isothermally move an electron from the material to the vacuum; this thermodynamic electron comes from the Fermi level on average, not from the conduction band edge.