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Interstitial defects are atoms that occupy a site in the crystal structure at which there is usually not an atom.
If there exists an atom in a site where there should normally not be, an interstitial defect is formed.
It creates a vacancy defect at its original site and an interstitial defect at its new location.
After the cascade, the overdense region becomes interstitial defects, and the underdense region typically becomes a region of vacancies.
Landsberg and Baruch added various practical considerations like re-emission, while a number of researchers have attempted to characterize other losses in the cell, like interstitial defects.
Excess metal atoms with a smaller radius than O anions are ionized within the crystal lattice as interstitial defects and their lost electrons remain free within the crystal, not taken by the oxygen atoms.